Can you imagine going into the Ob/Gyn one year and being told they’re going to have to “spay” you? Ever wonder why they wouldn’t? I do.
I guess it has something to do with the etymology of the word and the sensitivity of the act of performing a full ovariohysterectomy on a woman. From the Online Etymology Dictionary, here’s the source of the word:
spay c.1410, "stab with a sword, kill," also "remove the ovaries of," from Anglo-Fr. espeier "cut with a sword," from M.Fr. espeer, from O.Fr. espee "sword" (Fr. épée), from L. spatha "broad, flat weapon or tool," from Gk. spathe "broad blade" (see spade (1)).
Kinda insensitive to be throwing around sword fighting terminology when it’s time for a delicate bit of surgery, right? Especially when it’s one that targets the female reproductive tract.
The exact etymology of the Middle English or Anglo-French word, “spay,” still eludes me as I try to trace its veterinary origins. But it’s safe to say that women would never stand for any word that implies violence done to the inner workings of their reproductive organs. So it stands to reason that some veterinarians wouldn’t like it either when applied to their patients.
Yet I’d argue that we’ve long passed the point in our cultural history of language where the brutality this four-letter word connotes holds any sway with its modern users. No, for me the insult is in the way the word has evolved in a way that effectively trivializes the deeply complex act of removing female organs.
In fact, I’d argue the same for the term “neuter”––as in:
neuter (adj.) 1398, of grammatical gender, "neither masculine nor feminine," from L. neuter, lit. "neither one nor the other," from ne- "not, no" (see un-) + uter "either (of two);" probably a loan-translation of Gk. oudeteros "neither, neuter." In 16c., it had the sense of "taking neither side, neutral." The verb is 1903, from the adj., originally in ref. to pet cats.
The need to distinguish animals in terms of reproductive surgical terminology is as old as the words “gelding,” “shoat” and “capon,” but somehow they all seem outdated in this new age of veterinary medicine. Even in veterinary school, it seemed incongruous to have to memorize common agricultural terms only to superimpose a complex but rational medical lexicon. What’s up with that?
Perhaps that’s why the terms spay and neuter seem to run afoul of the rest of our medicine. In a world where chronic renal failure, inflammatory bowel disease and osteosarcoma are bandied about with absolute precision, how can we continue to write “spay” and “neuter” on our medical records?
Wait, wait...I think I have the answer! Here goes:
The truth is that the need to euphemize is just as old as our desire to define and categorize. By applying vulgar terms to even the most distasteful practices, we were able to bring these animals to the dinner table with a minimum of human stress.
Viewed in this light, it makes sense that we would continue to use the word “steer,” for example, when we refer to a castrated male of the bovine species. It makes it all so much easier to take when we eat him. Similarly, spaying and neutering is oh-so-much-more palatable to the average pet owner when we can circumvent the reality of the procedure with a simple verbal twist.
But is that fair to veterinarians?
Given that we work so hard to learn how to do what people think of as a “simple spay,” given that the public expects this procedure to be far less complex (and less expensive) than it really is, and given that the dubiously euphemistic verb, “to spay” might also serve to minimize our education and experience, some veterinarians say...no way!
Yet when you also consider the widespread human irresponsibility with respect to spays and neuters in our companion animal population, doesn’t it only make sense to make the procedure seem more accessible and less clinical than it really is?
Sometimes I think so. But I don’t have to like it.
Add Comment41 Comments
That is really interesting... I never knew the origin of the word "spay". The clinic where I worked didn't actually write "spay" in the charts, but we used the abbreviation "OHE" for ovariohysterectomy. But we always referred to it as a "spay" to clients.
Now that you bring it up, I'm not sure but that it's time for that to change. I mean, it's not like the word "hysterectomy" is foreign to people, they know what that is. It's not as cringe-inducing for most as the word "castration" which I also think maybe we should start to use more... not in an effort to discourage owners from having these procedures performed, but maybe to help them understand that we're not talking about some minor procedure. It may help owners understand why it is important to provide services like IV fluids and vital sign monitoring during the surgery, and pain medication afterward.
Barb August 1st, 2009 10:28:21 AM
Perhaps I'm a snob, but I try to avoid using the term, 'spay' when discussing this procedure with clients. There are certain terms that are used daily in practice that don't need to be used with one's client base (unless that's the only way they can understand the subject). I tend to use ovariohysterectomy (how does one get away w/using 'spay' in a medical record, anyway-I don't think I've ever seen that). Sure, it's a long word and takes about 2 minutes to say, but why use the shorter and easier 'slang' when all we are doing is reducing the value of the procedure and the skills it requires in the eyes of our clients. Want to really make me crazy? Just tell a client that you need to 'pull' a few teeth. Please, this is the surgical extraction of a tooth and again, requires skills and care, unless one is actually tying a string to the offender and attaching it to a door knob like my friend's parents did when we were little. Is the latter what the client is envisioning, too?
Veterinary practices do themselves a disservice by not training their medical staff (including doctors) to use proper terminology in the work environment and with clients. It's all part of the presentation and shows a clear understanding among all that while some procedures and practices may be 'routine', they most certainly are not done by rote. While I understand different work place cultures allow for varying approaches to the way they function, this attention to detail (on all levels) separates the class acts from the mediocre. It takes work to avoid slipping into the standard nomenclature of the mainstream. If we aren't savvy enough or confident enough in our profession to convey the complexities and value of the services we provide to our clients, then who will?
Now, having said that, I admit I do use the term 'neuter', and rarely 'surgically alter' or whatever...(bad on me) I'm curious, what alternatives do others use for rendering the male of a species incapable of reproducing?
Renee August 1st, 2009 10:54:12 AM
The reason for the 'different' words, to people going a couple hundred years back (at least), is to set humans above and aside the 'lower' animals. The term which irks me the most is 'necropsy' which is for animals, and 'autopsy' for humans - as if humans weren't animals too.
I once had a very unpleasant exchange with a neighbor over the term 'the human animal.' She screamed at me for 10 minutes about how God had set humans above animals and made humans "NOT animals." (At which point, I decided she was a walking granite-headed mineral - calling her a vegetable would have been rude to carrots.)
Even when I was giving a presentation about vultures role in an ecosystem, I got lamasted when I said that vultures are the 'garbagemen' in an ecosystem, as I was 'equating' an animal with a human. I tried to explain that I was equating a job with a job, but the woman (again citing God) insisted that I was evil for comparing animals to people.
KateH August 1st, 2009 10:56:31 AM
That should be lambasted. Oops.
KateH August 1st, 2009 10:58:50 AM
Re: necropsy vs. autopsy - the difference is not a denial that humans are animals too, but rather that animals are not able to perform the procedure on others of their same species. "Auto" of course means "self" so an autopsy is an examination of a person BY a person. An examination of the body of one species by another species could not accurately be called an "autopsy".
At least, that's my understanding of it... I'm not a linguist (obviously! <g>)
Barb August 1st, 2009 12:02:53 PM
That would be like saying the term 'autobiography' was incorrect if another human wrote it about a human. Auto does mean self, and therefore it would be an inaccurate term, because the human does not examine himself. Someone else does it to find out why the being died. That's a necropsy and is the word we should use for humans too.
KateH August 1st, 2009 12:06:44 PM
What I meant to say (sory if I sounded rude) was that autopsy comes from the Greek 'to see for one's self' so yes, Barb, you're right in that a person would be doing it to see for themselves what caused death. However, necropsy is the more accurate word (for all beings) - meaning dead+learn through examination (nec [r] opsy).
KateH August 1st, 2009 12:18:33 PM
I have heard both arguments regarding autopsy, and I think it has something to do with how you interpret the 'auto' - whether to see for oneself vs. performing upon oneself (which would be a bit awkward if taken literally, but is extrapolated to be upon one's species). I have no problem using necropsy for any species, but understand where autopsy isn't applied to non-humans, unless potentially being performed by a non-human.
My actual comment is regarding the use of the word 'spay'. It is a term that is used for laymen, and it is easier for many of our clients to understand. Unfortunately, in my neck of the woods it is often turned into 'my cat/dog is already spaded' or more commonly, 'I don't want to have my pet spaded'. Many of you mentioned that you don't expect to see it in a medical record - I feel that I have seen it and used it in many records - what is the abbreviation for an altered female in your hospital? FS, right? If we want to eliminate the word completely we will need to change that to FA (female, altered) or FO (female with an ovariohysterectomy). And while many places use MC for male, castrated, there are just as many that use MN for male, neutered.
I'm not judging either way - I think that we should use more professional terms, as a profession. And I had no idea that 'spay' had anything to do with wielding a sword, so I can see the argument to eliminate the word. But I think the logistics of eliminating the word is going to be a nightmare.
Cori August 1st, 2009 12:51:15 PM
We intermittently attempt to address this in our vet practice by insisting that staff book the ops in as "ovario-hysterectomies" and "castrations" but it always slips back to spay and neuter.
At least the terminology is a little more subtle that the Australian "desex" for both genders!
Pete
www.petethevet.com
Pete Wedderburn August 1st, 2009 12:58:56 PM
Has there been research on non-surgical methods of preventing reproduction? Obviously something like a monthly pill won't work, but has anyone discovered a method of chemical sterilization? Just curious.
Susan August 1st, 2009 01:14:15 PM
Susan: There's a $75 Million prize waiting for anyone who does. Seriously. Here's an older post on this. That's how coveted the holy grail of the non-surgical spay and neuter is in these days of overpopulation.
Dr. Patty Khuly August 1st, 2009 03:50:23 PM
I've come to dislike the terms "spay" and "neuter" because I'd figured out they very obviously didn't describe one single procedure for each gender. Until Dolittler, I just didn't have a clue how to address that with a vet... "Doc, Exactly what surgery are you proposing? Are there options? What are they and how do they compare?..." Sounds so simple but for a long time, given I don't have a pet spayed or neutered frequently, it wasn't always so "obvious" and I just thought I was missing something so I dismissed my own concerns.
Ovariohysterectomy is a type of broadsword in human females. I know the arguments for it in pets but I really have to believe there's got to be something better...
Oh, and many "auto"biographies are written by ghost writers :)
PJBoosinger August 1st, 2009 05:34:56 PM
Spay I have no problem with...it's "FIX"....like there is something wrong in the first place....
LorriM August 1st, 2009 09:20:32 PM
Admitting they are puny as descriptive terms from the veterinary POV, I still prefer spay and neuter for two reasons: The words are understood by most pet-owners, including novices and ESL speakers; and, because the words impart a glossy simplicity, they are best for marketing sterilization as responsible, attainable practice.
Call it what you will ... just get that animal ovario-hysterectomized/castrated!
oh holland August 1st, 2009 09:32:16 PM
Coming at this as a client, I prefer my vet use simpler terminology as a first pass and give me more technical details as I need or want. Thus, I prefer spay or neuter/castrate as a general term. If the vet gives me the correct medical terminology first off for a procedure or condition with a commonly used everyday term, I may become suspicious that the vet is trying to pull one over on me. I may think s/he is trying to feel superior or planning to bill higher for this "rarer" condition (it must be rare if it doesn't have an everyday term for it, I might think).
I have a 6mo bitch puppy. IF (and it is an IF at this stage) I decide to have her rendered incapable of reproduction, I will talk to vets about the possibility and advisability of having only her ovaries removed and leaving her uterus. Even if only her ovaries are removed, I (and my local animal control) will consider her "spayed" at that point. If I'm talking to other serious dog owners or her vets, then I'd say she had an ovarectomy if we're talking about ramifications of the surgery.
I am with LorriM on "fixed." That term drives me nuts. As Suzanne Clothier says, "Testosterone is not a poison," and neither is estrogen. If anything, you are breaking something (the animal's ability to reproduce) when you remove the gonads.
When I worked as an engineer, I helped design jet engines. I can tell you how jet engines work in 4 words (suck, turn, burn, blow) or I can go on for hours about the technical details of pressure ratios, air flow rates, fuel burn rates, material selection for parts, etc. until even MY eyes glaze over. Most people would rather hear the short, understandable version unless they're planning to design their own. So it is with medicine. We know you're smart and stayed in school for a long time. just tell me what I need to know and keep it accessible, please.
kabbage August 2nd, 2009 11:27:01 AM
I do think that many people do not consciously think about what major surgery a "spay" is -- using the term ovariohysterectomy (which allowns them to analogize it to a human hysterectomy) might the make the point. It is major abdominal surgery. When people seek the "spay on the cheap" I wish I could tell them about all the times I've read of internal hemmorhaging from improper suturing, ligation of ureters, anesthestic deaths, etc. especially when the "spay' is done somewhere er, uh, inexpensive. Overheard a caller challenging my vets office to explain why their "spay" is so much more expensive than the shelter's discount spay. I wish I could have 5 minutes with these people. More expense does not always mean better care, but I find it hard to believe that there are a lot of places giving spays with all the best precautions and standards that can offer them for less than $150.
Stefani August 2nd, 2009 01:09:24 PM
I do think that many people do not consciously think about what major surgery a "spay" is -- using the term ovariohysterectomy (which allowns them to analogize it to a human hysterectomy) might the make the point.
Agreed- when I take a patient's history from a client, I have to be careful with the question "Has your pet had any major illnesses, trauma, or surgery?" because more often then not, they'll answer "No", even when they've already told me their pet is spayed.
Megan August 3rd, 2009 08:00:52 AM
When our children were teens we had a surprise baby. And although the word "castrate" wasn't used, I hid all the sharp implements anyway. But did get neutered. To think, the only thing that made me male was sperm count. I'm starting to wonder how I would look in a tutu.
Kabbage suggests taking a minimalist approach, and my doc just tied my tubes rather than take "more severe measures".
hmm.. I've never called it that before. I still have my "more severe measures". "Hey honey, it's time for more severe measures"... on second thought, maybe not.
Bob Jones August 3rd, 2009 09:37:02 AM
"I am with LorriM on "fixed." That term drives me nuts... If anything, you are breaking something" Nicely put kabbage. I think "hysterectomy" is a euphemism for human females. While it may "fix" some problems, it certainly "breaks" some things too and human M.D.'s use it to minimize that. Spay and neuter are only euphemisms to the extent that people may not know the actual meanings/derivations; otherwise, they're pretty descriptive given the limitations of the languages and time when they arose.
PJBoosinger August 3rd, 2009 10:12:36 AM
Corgi made my point first.
Obviously, the 'simple' terms aren't simple enough, or people wouldn't keep asking why their tomcat doesn't use the litter box even though he's been spaded.
If they're going to be misunderstood, they could at least be accurate and misunderstood.
puppynerd August 3rd, 2009 10:20:51 AM
You know...I never thought about the etymology of the word "spay" before--very strange for a person whose life revolves around writing and understanding the English language. But even before I read every cat book I could get my hands on and became "internet famous" as a cat advice columnist, I never thought of a spay as a simple procedure whose price should be b*tched about and haggled.
I've actually described the spay and neuter procedure in my columns and provided links to videos of spays and neuters being performed, so my readers can grasp the fact that these ARE surgical procedures and not just a quick "snip-snip" that shouldn't cost any more than having a pedicure.
My vets always referred to the procedure as OHE in their records, but my cats were referred to as SFs and an NM in the brief bio information on their charts.
In my experience, a lot of men react viscerally to the word "castrate," and I've known guys who refused to have their male animals neutered because of their own hangups about "cutting off the animal's balls," so maybe "neuter" is a better term to use with male clients. :-)
Also, I've heard women who've had ovariohysterectomies refer to themselves as "spayed." I love Maine!
JaneA August 4th, 2009 11:08:46 AM
JaneA: feel free to register and provide a link to your website. We love more outlets for information, especially when they come attached to proven writers and philosophically like-minded types. ;-)
Dr. Patty Khuly August 4th, 2009 11:20:36 AM
Breitling watches
Breitling watches November 9th, 2009 11:44:58 AM
Yachtmaster watches
Yachtmaster watches November 11th, 2009 01:20:04 PM
<a href="a.Lange'>http://www.cartierwatches.us/A.Lange-&-Sohne/">a.Lange & sohne watches</a><a href="Audemars'>http://www.cartierwatches.us/Audemars-Piguet/">Audemars Piguet watches</a><a href="Bell'>http://www.cartierwatches.us/Bell-&-Ross/">Bell & Ross watches</a><a href="Breguet'>http://www.cartierwatches.us/Breguet/">Breguet watches</a><a href="Breitling'>http://www.cartierwatches.us/Breitling/">Breitling watches</a><a href="Burberry'>http://www.cartierwatches.us/Burberry/">Burberry watches</a><a href="Bvlgari'>http://www.cartierwatches.us/Bvlgari/">Bvlgari watches</a><a href="Cartier'>http://www.cartierwatches.us/Cartier/">Cartier watches</a><a href="chopard'>http://www.cartierwatches.us/Chopard/">chopard watches</a><a href="Concord'>http://www.cartierwatches.us/Concord/">Concord watches</a><a href="croum'>http://www.cartierwatches.us/Corum/">croum watches</a><a href="DeWitt'>http://www.cartierwatches.us/DeWitt/">DeWitt watches</a><a href="Glashutte'>http://www.cartierwatches.us/Glashutte/">Glashutte watches</a><a href="Graham'>http://www.cartierwatches.us/Graham/">Graham watches</a><a href="Hermes'>http://www.cartierwatches.us/Hermes/">Hermes watches</a><a href="Hublot'>http://www.cartierwatches.us/Hublot/">Hublot watches</a><a href="IWC'>http://www.cartierwatches.us/IWC/">IWC watches</a><a href="Jaquet'>http://www.cartierwatches.us/Jaquet-droz/">Jaquet droz watches</a><a href="Lady'>http://www.cartierwatches.us/Lady-Watches/">Lady Watch watches</a><a href="Longines'>http://www.cartierwatches.us/Longines/">Longines watches</a><a href="Louis'>http://www.cartierwatches.us/Louis-Vuitton/">Louis Vuitton watches</a><a href="Maurice'>http://www.cartierwatches.us/Maurice-Lacroix/">Maurice Lacroix watches</a><a href="Montblanc'>http://www.cartierwatches.us/Montblanc/">Montblanc watches</a>
Graham November 12th, 2009 08:47:07 AM
Rado watches
Rado watches November 12th, 2009 08:49:07 AM
<a href="Burberry'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Burberry/">Burberry replica</a><a href="Bvlgari'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Burberry/">Bvlgari replica</a><a href="Cartier'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Cartier/">Cartier replica</a><a href="chopard'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Cartier/">chopard replica</a><a href="Concord'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Concord/">Concord replica</a><a href="croum'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Croum/">croum replica</a><a href="DeWitt'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/DeWitt/">DeWitt replica</a><a href="ebel'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/DeWitt/">ebel replica</a><a href="Ferrari'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Ferrari/">Ferrari replica</a><a href="Franck'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Franck-Muller/">Franck Muller replica</a><a href="Glashutte'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Glashutte/">Glashutte replica</a><a href="Graham'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Graham/">Graham replica</a><a href="Hermes'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Graham/">Hermes replica</a><a href="Hublot'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Hublot/">Hublot replica</a><a href="IWC'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/IWC/">IWC replica</a><a href="Jaquet'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Jaquet-droz/">Jaquet droz replica</a><a href="Lady'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Lady-Watches/">Lady replica</a><a href="Longines'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Longines/">Longines replica</a><a href="Louis'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Louis-Vuitton/">Louis Vuitton replica</a><a href="Maurice'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Maurice-Lacroix/">Maurice Lacroix replica</a><a href="Montblanc'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Montblanc/">Montblanc replica</a><a href="movado'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Movado/">movado replica</a><a href="omega'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Omega/">omega replica</a><a href="oris'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Oris/">oris replica</a><a href="Panerai'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Panerai/">Panerai replica</a><a href="Patek'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Patek-Philippe/">Patek Philippe replica</a><a href="Piaget'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Piaget/">Piaget replica</a><a href="Rado'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Rado/">Rado replica</a><a href="Tag'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Tag-Heuer/">Tag Heuer replica</a><a href="Tudor'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Tudor/">Tudor replica</a><a href="U-boat'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/U-boat/">U-boat replica</a>
Philippe November 12th, 2009 08:51:45 AM
<a href="Vacheron'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Vacheron-Constantin/">Vacheron Constantin replica</a><a href="Rolex'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Rolex/">Rolex replica</a><a href="Rolex'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Rolex/Air%20King/">Rolex Air-King replica</a><a href="Rolex'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Rolex/Datejust%20II/">Rolex Datejust II replica</a><a href="xxx'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Rolex/DateJust/">xxx replica</a><a href="Rolex'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Rolex/Submariner/">Rolex Submariner replica</a><a href="Yachtmaster'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Rolex/Yachtmaster/">Yachtmaster replica</a><a href="Rolex'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Rolex/Day%20Date%20II/">Rolex Day-Date II replica</a><a href="Rolex'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Rolex/Daytona/">Rolex Daytona replica</a><a href="Rolex'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Rolex/Explorer/">Rolex Explorer replica</a><a href="Rolex'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Rolex/GMT/">Rolex GMT replica</a><a href="Rolex'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Rolex/Sea%20Dweller/">Rolex Sea-Dweller replica</a><a href="Rolex'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Rolex/Day%20Date/">Rolex Day Date replica</a><a href="Rolex'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Rolex/Masterpiece/">Rolex Masterpiece replica</a><a href="Rolex'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Rolex/Milgauss/">Rolex Milgauss replica</a>
Rolex November 12th, 2009 08:52:09 AM
<a href="replica'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Maurice-Lacroix/">replica Maurice Lacroix</a><a href="replica'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Montblanc/">replica Montblanc</a><a href="replica'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Movado/">replica movado</a><a href="replica'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Omega/">replica omega </a><a href="replica'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Oris/">replica oris</a><a href="replica'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Panerai/">replica Panerai</a><a href="replica'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Patek-Philippe/">replica Patek Philippe</a><a href="replica'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Piaget/">replica Piaget</a><a href="replica'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Rado/">replica Rado</a><a href="replica'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Tag-Heuer/">replica Tag Heuer</a><a href="replica'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Tudor/">replica Tudor</a><a href="replica'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/U-boat/">replica U-boat</a><a href="replica'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Vacheron-Constantin/">replica Vacheron Constantin</a><a href="replica'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Rolex/">replica Rolex</a><a href="replica'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Rolex/Air%20King/">replica Rolex Air-King</a><a href="replica'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Rolex/Datejust%20II/">replica Rolex Datejust II</a><a href="replica'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Rolex/DateJust/">replica Rolex Datejust</a><a href="replica'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Rolex/Submariner/">replica Rolex Submariner</a><a href="replica'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Rolex/Yachtmaster/">replica Yachtmaster</a><a href="replica'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Rolex/Day%20Date%20II/">replica Rolex Day-Date II</a><a href="replica'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Rolex/Daytona/">replica Rolex Daytona</a><a href="replica'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Rolex/Explorer/">replica Rolex Explorer </a><a href="replica'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Rolex/GMT/">replica Rolex GMT</a><a href="replica'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Rolex/Sea%20Dweller/">replica Rolex Sea-Dweller</a><a href="replica'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Rolex/Day%20Date/">replica Rolex Day Date</a><a href="replica'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Rolex/Masterpiece/">replica Rolex Masterpiece</a><a href="replica'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Rolex/Milgauss/">replica Rolex Milgauss</a><a href="rolex'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/">rolex replica</a> <a href="A.Lange'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/A.Lange-&-Sohne/">A.Lange & Sohne replica</a><a href="Audemars'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Audemars-Piguet/">Audemars Piguet replica</a><a href="Bell'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Bell-&-Ross/">Bell & Ross replica</a><a href="Breguet'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Breguet/">Breguet replica</a><a href="Breitling'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Breitling/">Breitling replica</a><a href="Burberry'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Burberry/">Burberry replica</a><a href="Bvlgari'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Burberry/">Bvlgari replica</a><a href="Cartier'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Cartier/">Cartier replica</a><a href="chopard'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Cartier/">chopard replica</a><a href="Concord'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Concord/">Concord replica</a>
Bvlgari November 12th, 2009 08:52:32 AM
<a href="Cartier'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Cartier/">Cartier watch for sale</a><a href="chopard'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Cartier/">chopard watch for sale</a><a href="Concord'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Concord/">Concord watch for sale</a><a href="croum'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Croum/">croum watch for sale</a><a href="DeWitt'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/DeWitt/">DeWitt watch for sale</a><a href="ebel'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/DeWitt/">ebel watch for sale</a><a href="Ferrari'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Ferrari/">Ferrari watch for sale</a><a href="Franck'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Franck-Muller/">Franck Muller watch for sale</a><a href="Glashutte'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Glashutte/">Glashutte watch for sale</a><a href="Graham'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Graham/">Graham watch for sale</a><a href="Hermes'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Graham/">Hermes watch for sale</a><a href="Hublot'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Hublot/">Hublot watch for sale</a><a href="IWC'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/IWC/">IWC watch for sale</a><a href="Jaquet'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Jaquet-droz/">Jaquet droz watch for sale</a><a href="Lady'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Lady-Watches/">Lady Watch for sale</a><a href="Longines'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Longines/">Longines watch for sale</a><a href="Louis'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Louis-Vuitton/">Louis Vuitton watch for sale</a><a href="Maurice'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Maurice-Lacroix/">Maurice Lacroix watch for sale</a><a href="Montblanc'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Montblanc/">Montblanc watch for sale</a>
Jaquet November 12th, 2009 08:52:53 AM
<a href="Ferrari'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Ferrari/">Ferrari watches</a><a href="Franck'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Franck-Muller/">Franck Muller watches</a><a href="Glashutte'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Glashutte/">Glashutte watches</a><a href="Graham'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Graham/">Graham watches</a><a href="Hermes'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Graham/">Hermes watches</a><a href="Hublot'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Hublot/">Hublot watches</a><a href="IWC'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/IWC/">IWC watches</a><a href="Jaquet'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Jaquet-droz/">Jaquet droz watches</a><a href="Lady'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Lady-Watches/">Lady Watch watches</a><a href="Longines'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Longines/">Longines watches</a><a href="Louis'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Louis-Vuitton/">Louis Vuitton watches</a><a href="Maurice'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Maurice-Lacroix/">Maurice Lacroix watches</a><a href="Montblanc'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Montblanc/">Montblanc watches</a><a href="movado'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Movado/">movado watches</a><a href="omega'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Omega/">omega watches</a><a href="oris'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Oris/">oris watches</a><a href="Panerai'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Panerai/">Panerai watches</a><a href="Patek'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Patek-Philippe/">Patek Philippe watches</a><a href="Piaget'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Piaget/">Piaget watches</a><a href="Rado'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Rado/">Rado watches</a><a href="Tag'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Tag-Heuer/">Tag Heuer watches</a><a href="Tudor'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Tudor/">Tudor watches</a><a href="U-boat'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/U-boat/">U-boat watches</a><a href="Vacheron'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Vacheron-Constantin/">Vacheron Constantin watches</a><a href="Rolex'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Rolex/">Rolex watches</a><a href="Rolex'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Rolex/Air%20King/">Rolex Air-King watches</a><a href="Rolex'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Rolex/Datejust%20II/">Rolex Datejust II watches</a><a href="Rolex'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Rolex/DateJust/">Rolex Datejust watches</a><a href="Rolex'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Rolex/Submariner/">Rolex Submariner watches</a><a href="Yachtmaster'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Rolex/Yachtmaster/">Yachtmaster watches</a><a href="Rolex'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Rolex/Day%20Date%20II/">Rolex Day-Date II watches</a><a href="Rolex'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Rolex/Daytona/">Rolex Daytona watches</a><a href="Rolex'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Rolex/Explorer/">Rolex Explorer watches</a>
Air-King November 12th, 2009 08:53:12 AM
Graham watches
Hermes watches
Hublot watches
Cartier watches November 13th, 2009 08:18:59 AM
UGG Classic Cardy
Discount Uggs Boots On Sale
Ugg Classic Tall Boots
Ugg Boots Cheap
Ugg New Styles
ugg boots on link November 13th, 2009 10:47:39 AM
Panerai watches
Patek Philippe watches
Piaget watches
Rado watches
Tag Heuer watches
oris watches November 15th, 2009 09:48:23 AM
Your article very interesting, I have introduced a lot of friends look at this article, the content of the articles there will be a lot of attractive people to appreciate, I have to thank you such an article. Khairuddin Syach Weblog | Mengembalikan jati diri bangsa
khay November 15th, 2009 11:36:54 AM
Maurice Lacroix watches
Montblanc watches
movado watches
omega watches
oris watches
Montblanc watches November 17th, 2009 06:38:51 AM
Maurice Lacroix watches
Montblanc watches
movado watches
omega watches
oris watches
Montblanc watches November 17th, 2009 06:44:30 AM
<a href="Breitling'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Breitling/">Breitling replica</a><a href="Burberry'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Burberry/">Burberry replica</a><a href="Bvlgari'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Burberry/">Bvlgari replica</a><a href="Cartier'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Cartier/">Cartier replica</a><a href="chopard'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Cartier/">chopard replica</a><a href="Concord'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Concord/">Concord replica</a><a href="croum'>http://www.iwcwatches.us/Croum/">croum replica</a>
croum replica November 17th, 2009 01:16:08 PM
Your article very interesting, I have introduced a lot of friends look at this article, the content of the articles there will be a lot of attractive people to appreciate, I have to thank you such an article. welcome to this.wholesale clothing; mac cosmetics.
wholesale clothes November 18th, 2009 08:56:59 AM
Emicsoft Video Converter for Mac is an excellent, stable, full-featured Mac video converter software which can convert all video and audio formats as well as the HD videos for Mac OS X users with excellent output quality and fast conversion speed.This wonderfue video software support AVI Converter for Mac and MPEG Converter for Mac
qweqwe November 18th, 2009 07:22:21 PM
Breguet watch for sale
Cartier watch for sale
chopard watch for sale
Concord watch for sale
replica watches November 20th, 2009 06:49:07 AM
Add Commment